Parental substance abuse remains a pressing issue with far-reaching consequences, particularly for the innocent victims caught in its destructive wake – the children. Substance abuse affects not only the individuals struggling with addiction but also profoundly shapes the lives of their young ones. They often endure a multitude of challenges that can leave lasting scars. This issue continues to gain awareness. Therefore, understanding its impact is crucial in crafting effective interventions and support systems. For this reason, Alamo Behavioral Health explores the profound repercussions of how parental substance abuse affects children. We focus on the context of a detox center in Texas, a state grappling with its unique set of challenges in combatting substance abuse.

The Impact of Parental Substance Abuse on Children

Within the confines of homes plagued by parental substance abuse, children are unwittingly thrust into a world of turmoil. Moreover, they face many emotional, psychological, behavioral, and physical challenges that threaten to shape their lives indefinitely.

Emotional and Psychological Effects of Parental Substance Abuse on Children

The emotional and psychological toll on children raised in households affected by parental substance abuse is both profound and complex. Firstly, anxiety and fear become constant companions as uncertainty surrounds their daily lives. Secondly, the weight of witnessing their caregivers’ struggle often leads to feelings of overwhelming sadness and depression, leaving them emotionally vulnerable.

A girl picking flowers in the garden
Low self-esteem and feelings of worthlessness plague these young hearts as they internalize the chaos around them

The burden of guilt and shame further exacerbates their emotional turmoil. Finally, it makes it arduous to maintain healthy relationships or form connections with others. The constant state of confusion and insecurity shatters their sense of stability, hindering their emotional growth and well-being.

Behavioral Effects of Parental Addiction on Children

The behavioral consequences of how parental substance abuse affects children manifest in various ways, leaving lasting imprints on children’s lives. Aggressive and violent behavior become coping mechanisms for the pent-up anger and frustration they experience in their tumultuous environment. Forming healthy relationships becomes an uphill battle, as they struggle to trust others and often engage in self-sabotaging behaviors. Problems with authority figures arise, leading to disciplinary issues and challenges at school, where academic performance suffers significantly.

Tragically, children exposed to parental substance abuse are at heightened risk of emulating these behaviors. In brief, they initiate their own spiral into substance abuse as they seek solace in the same substances that tore their family apart.

In many situations, the problematic substance is a medication prescribed to treat another condition. Benzodiazepines, used to treat anxiety, for example, are among the most frequently prescribed drugs with a high potential for addiction. In Texas, addiction to this drug is on the rise, and the consequences of that are massive. That’s why you should turn to Benzo detox in Texas for help as soon as you realize that you are having issues weaning off the drug.

Physical Effects of Parental Addiction on Their Kids

The physical effects of parental drug or alcohol abuse leave indelible marks on the well-being of these innocent souls. In states where substance abuse is prevalent, such as Texas, these marks are particularly noticeable. It is worth trying to avoid these consequences at a drug detox center in Texas. Otherwise, neglect and inadequate care become all too common as parents prioritize their addiction over their children’s basic needs.

A girl sitting curled up on the bed
Exposure to hazardous substances places them at serious risk of accidents, poisoning, and long-term health issues

Some children are subjected to prenatal substance exposure, leading to a myriad of health problems. Malnutrition and poor hygiene further compound their challenges, compromising their physical development and overall health. These hidden scars of neglect reverberate well beyond childhood. Moreover, they underscore the urgency of providing comprehensive support and care.

Developmental Consequences of How Parental Substance Abuse Affects Children

The developmental consequences of parental substance abuse cast a long shadow on the lives of children, leaving them to navigate a complex web of challenges that can profoundly shape their growth and well-being.

Early Childhood: A Fragile Foundation

During early childhood (0-5 years), the repercussions of parental substance abuse cast a daunting shadow on a child’s developmental trajectory.  Attachment issues often emerge as inconsistent or neglectful caregiving disrupts the formation of secure emotional bonds, hindering their ability to establish healthy relationships later in life. Additionally, cognitive development is delayed, leading to learning difficulties and impaired problem-solving skills. This can hamper academic achievements and mental growth.

a little boy standing on the grass alone and holding a camera symbolizing How Parental Substance Abuse Affects Children
Early childhood lays the groundwork for future development, making it paramount to address these developmental consequences

The emotional toll is evident through behavioral and emotional problems, as children may exhibit aggressive or withdrawn behavior. They can also struggle with emotional regulation and encounter challenges in social settings. Their limited exposure to language-rich environments may result in language and communication difficulties, with delayed speech development impeding the effective expression of emotions and needs.

However, through targeted interventions and support, we can foster resilience and empower them to triumph over adversity, ensuring a brighter and more promising path ahead.

Middle Childhood: A Precarious Balancing Act

As children journey through middle childhood (6-12 years), the profound impact of parental substance abuse continues to shape their developmental path. Academic struggles and learning disabilities frequently emerge as cognitive delays persist. This results in these young minds being left grappling to keep pace with their peers in educational settings. The burden of comprehending complex concepts without adequate cognitive resources further erodes self-esteem and academic confidence.

Simultaneously, social isolation and peer relationship challenges become prevalent as stigmatization surrounding family circumstances disconnects them from their peers.

A woman sitting near a body of water feeling lonely because of how parental substance abuse affect children
Parental substance abuse affects children in many ways. The difficulty forming meaningful connections contributes to feelings of loneliness and emotional distress

Emotional regulation difficulties compound these challenges, as intense emotions stemming from their upbringing become difficult to process, impacting their ability to maintain stable emotional states.

Tragically, the risk of engaging in delinquent activities looms large. Without adequate support and positive role models, some children may seek solace in destructive behaviors. Additionally, they can resort to substance abuse or other risky activities as a means of escape.

The latter is especially true in households where prescription drugs, such as Xanax – a powerful benzodiazepine, are easily accessible. Texas is, again, one of the states that faces tremendous challenges when battling benzodiazepine addiction. Besides being within reach, children also perceive this drug as a powerful tool that makes coping with challenges easier. If you want to help yourself and your children, get the needed help at Xanax detox in Texas. The sooner you begin your recovery, the less damage there will be to repair.

Adolescence: Weathering the Tempest of Challenges

As adolescence (13-18 years) approaches, the profound impact of parental substance abuse on development intensifies. This period exposes young individuals to a myriad of challenges that threaten to shape their journey ahead. Here are some of the developmental consequences of parental substance abuse during adolescence:

  1. Substance abuse and addiction vulnerability: The tempestuous waters of adolescence render these young individuals more susceptible to turning to drugs or alcohol as a coping mechanism. This certainly perpetuates the cycle of addiction that stems from their family struggles. If this is the case, seek help at an alcohol detox center in Texas. Alcohol is the most frequently abused substance among teens in Texas, with more than half of 7th-12th graders drinking alcohol at one point.
  2. Mental health disorders and self-harm tendencies: The weight of past traumas and unstable family environments bears heavily on their emotional well-being. You can always turn to inpatient dual diagnosis treatment centers in Texas for help.
  3. Increased risk of sexual activity and early pregnancies: Distorted family dynamics and lack of guidance contribute to risky behaviors. In brief, it leaves these vulnerable adolescents exposed to unintended consequences in their relationships and reproductive health.
  4. Academic decline and school dropout rates: The challenges faced at home spill into children’s educational journey, impairing their ability to focus on studies and engage in school-related activities, leading to a decline in academic performance and an increased risk of dropping out.

To navigate the stormy seas of adolescence amidst parental substance abuse, comprehensive support systems, early intervention, and access to mental health resources are essential. Additionally, providing a stable and nurturing environment can equip these young individuals with the tools they need to sail through the challenges, emerging stronger and more resilient on the other side.

Ways to Protect Children from the Effects of Parental Substance Abuse

There are several ways to protect children from the harms of their parent’s substance abuse. Some of the most notable ones are:

  1. Establishing a relationship with another caregiver
  2. Ensuring mental health services
  3. Presenting positive role models
  4. Establishing support networks

Supportive Relationships with Non-Substance-Abusing Caregivers

Supportive relationships with non-substance-abusing caregivers stand as a beacon of stability for these vulnerable children. Whether through extended family members, foster parents, or dedicated guardians, the presence of caring individuals who prioritize the child’s well-being can foster a sense of security and emotional connection that helps mitigate the impact of parental struggles.

A woman holding a man's hand representing how parental substance abuse affects children
Supportive relationships offer the much-needed love, guidance, and consistency that serve as a counterbalance to the chaos within their households

As a reassuring presence in times of distress, they create an environment where children can express their emotions freely. Secondly, they can find solace in moments of vulnerability. These relationships become pivotal in nurturing resilience.

Access to Mental Health Services and Counseling

In the face of emotional upheaval caused by parental substance abuse, access to mental health services and counseling can offer a lifeline to recovery and healing. Professional support allows these children to process their emotions, cope with trauma, and build emotional resilience. Additionally, it enables them to navigate the challenges of their upbringing with greater strength and understanding.

In households where parents are struggling with opioid addiction, children are exposed to all sorts of negative experiences. Trained counselors and mental health experts at the opioid detox center Texas offers play a critical role in helping them heal. Through individual and family therapy, they offer guidance and counseling that will help children overcome traumatic experiences. They also work with the parents, helping them recover from substance abuse. They work hard to empower families to break free from the cycle of generational trauma and envision a future filled with possibilities.

Positive Role Models and Mentors

Positive role models and mentors emerge as guiding lights in the lives of children grappling with the consequences of parental substance abuse. Whether through community mentors, teachers, or counselors, these individuals offer inspiration, encouragement, and valuable life skills. Role models exemplify resilience, determination, and perseverance. Through their support and guidance, children can develop a strong sense of self-esteem and belief in their capabilities. They can also break free from the limiting beliefs imposed by their family circumstances. These positive influences become instrumental in nurturing a mindset of possibilities and fostering dreams that transcend the shadows of their upbringing.

Strong Social Support Networks

Strong social support networks play a pivotal role in buffering the impact of parental substance abuse. Whether through friends, support groups, or community organizations, these networks weave a safety net of caring connections. For example, this exact approach is extremely important for veterans dealing with similar issues in Texas. A strong social support system present during PTSD treatment for veterans in Texas provides emotional validation, practical assistance, and a sense of belonging. In the same way, they also help these children weather the storms and emerge with resilience and hope.

A group of people joining hands
Social support networks offer a space for young individuals to share their experiences without judgment, offering a sense of belonging

Community organizations and support groups offer resources and opportunities for skill-building. Thus, they enable children to develop social and coping skills that bolster their ability to navigate the challenges they encounter. Together, these networks become an anchor of unwavering support. They empower these children to navigate the waters of life’s challenges with strength and courage.

Comprehensive Intervention and Support for Children Affected by Parental Substance Abuse

In the pursuit of breaking the cycle of the devastating impact of parental substance abuse on children, a comprehensive range of intervention and support measures is imperative. They strive to lay the groundwork for a more promising future. Hence, here are some:

  • Early identification and intervention programs: Early intervention programs can unquestionably assess children’s developmental needs and identify potential risks. Additionally, these programs tailor interventions to address their unique circumstances, promoting positive outcomes.
  • Child protective services and family support programs: Child protective services play a vital role in ensuring the safety and well-being of children in high-risk environments.
  • Substance abuse treatment for parents: It is essential to address the root cause of the issue but also provide accessible and effective substance abuse treatment for parents.
  • Trauma-informed care for children: Recognizing the trauma experienced by these children, trauma-informed care emphasizes understanding and empathy. Implementing this approach in various settings, such as schools and healthcare facilities, ensures that these young individuals receive compassionate care.
  • Support groups and counseling for affected children: Support groups and counseling provide a safe space for children to share their experiences, connect with peers facing similar challenges, and process their emotions. Further, professional counseling helps them develop coping skills, empowering them to navigate the complexities of their lives with confidence.

Parental Substance Abuse Affects Children, but We Can Help

Parental substance abuse leaves a lasting impact on children, manifesting in emotional distress, behavioral challenges, physical hardships, and developmental setbacks. Despite the tumultuous journey they endure, hope shines through comprehensive interventions. Supportive relationships, mental health services, substance abuse treatment, trauma-informed care, and counseling offer vital support, aiding children’s resilience in the face of adversity.

At the same time, for Texas families plagued with drug or alcohol abuse, medical detox in Texas and beyond plays a critical role. Detoxing safely from harmful substances under constant medical supervision ensures a solid foundation for lasting recovery and a brighter future. Then, after understanding how parental substance abuse affects children, fostering healing and paving the way for a happier and healthier life becomes possible.

Parental substance abuse remains a pressing issue with far-reaching consequences, particularly for the innocent victims caught in its destructive wake – the children. Substance abuse affects not only the individuals struggling with addiction but also profoundly shapes the lives of their young ones. They often endure a multitude of challenges that can leave lasting scars. This issue continues to gain awareness. Therefore, understanding its impact is crucial in crafting effective interventions and support systems. For this reason, Alamo Behavioral Health explores the profound repercussions of how parental substance abuse affects children. We focus on the context of a detox center in Texas, a state grappling with its unique set of challenges in combatting substance abuse.

The Impact of Parental Substance Abuse on Children

Within the confines of homes plagued by parental substance abuse, children are unwittingly thrust into a world of turmoil. Moreover, they face many emotional, psychological, behavioral, and physical challenges that threaten to shape their lives indefinitely.

Emotional and Psychological Effects of Parental Substance Abuse on Children

The emotional and psychological toll on children raised in households affected by parental substance abuse is both profound and complex. Firstly, anxiety and fear become constant companions as uncertainty surrounds their daily lives. Secondly, the weight of witnessing their caregivers’ struggle often leads to feelings of overwhelming sadness and depression, leaving them emotionally vulnerable.

A girl picking flowers in the garden
Low self-esteem and feelings of worthlessness plague these young hearts as they internalize the chaos around them

The burden of guilt and shame further exacerbates their emotional turmoil. Finally, it makes it arduous to maintain healthy relationships or form connections with others. The constant state of confusion and insecurity shatters their sense of stability, hindering their emotional growth and well-being.

Behavioral Effects of Parental Addiction on Children

The behavioral consequences of how parental substance abuse affects children manifest in various ways, leaving lasting imprints on children’s lives. Aggressive and violent behavior become coping mechanisms for the pent-up anger and frustration they experience in their tumultuous environment. Forming healthy relationships becomes an uphill battle, as they struggle to trust others and often engage in self-sabotaging behaviors. Problems with authority figures arise, leading to disciplinary issues and challenges at school, where academic performance suffers significantly.

Tragically, children exposed to parental substance abuse are at heightened risk of emulating these behaviors. In brief, they initiate their own spiral into substance abuse as they seek solace in the same substances that tore their family apart.

In many situations, the problematic substance is a medication prescribed to treat another condition. Benzodiazepines, used to treat anxiety, for example, are among the most frequently prescribed drugs with a high potential for addiction. In Texas, addiction to this drug is on the rise, and the consequences of that are massive. That’s why you should turn to Benzo detox in Texas for help as soon as you realize that you are having issues weaning off the drug.

Physical Effects of Parental Addiction on Their Kids

The physical effects of parental drug or alcohol abuse leave indelible marks on the well-being of these innocent souls. In states where substance abuse is prevalent, such as Texas, these marks are particularly noticeable. It is worth trying to avoid these consequences at a drug detox center in Texas. Otherwise, neglect and inadequate care become all too common as parents prioritize their addiction over their children’s basic needs.

A girl sitting curled up on the bed
Exposure to hazardous substances places them at serious risk of accidents, poisoning, and long-term health issues

Some children are subjected to prenatal substance exposure, leading to a myriad of health problems. Malnutrition and poor hygiene further compound their challenges, compromising their physical development and overall health. These hidden scars of neglect reverberate well beyond childhood. Moreover, they underscore the urgency of providing comprehensive support and care.

Developmental Consequences of How Parental Substance Abuse Affects Children

The developmental consequences of parental substance abuse cast a long shadow on the lives of children, leaving them to navigate a complex web of challenges that can profoundly shape their growth and well-being.

Early Childhood: A Fragile Foundation

During early childhood (0-5 years), the repercussions of parental substance abuse cast a daunting shadow on a child’s developmental trajectory.  Attachment issues often emerge as inconsistent or neglectful caregiving disrupts the formation of secure emotional bonds, hindering their ability to establish healthy relationships later in life. Additionally, cognitive development is delayed, leading to learning difficulties and impaired problem-solving skills. This can hamper academic achievements and mental growth.

a little boy standing on the grass alone and holding a camera symbolizing How Parental Substance Abuse Affects Children
Early childhood lays the groundwork for future development, making it paramount to address these developmental consequences

The emotional toll is evident through behavioral and emotional problems, as children may exhibit aggressive or withdrawn behavior. They can also struggle with emotional regulation and encounter challenges in social settings. Their limited exposure to language-rich environments may result in language and communication difficulties, with delayed speech development impeding the effective expression of emotions and needs.

However, through targeted interventions and support, we can foster resilience and empower them to triumph over adversity, ensuring a brighter and more promising path ahead.

Middle Childhood: A Precarious Balancing Act

As children journey through middle childhood (6-12 years), the profound impact of parental substance abuse continues to shape their developmental path. Academic struggles and learning disabilities frequently emerge as cognitive delays persist. This results in these young minds being left grappling to keep pace with their peers in educational settings. The burden of comprehending complex concepts without adequate cognitive resources further erodes self-esteem and academic confidence.

Simultaneously, social isolation and peer relationship challenges become prevalent as stigmatization surrounding family circumstances disconnects them from their peers.

A woman sitting near a body of water feeling lonely because of how parental substance abuse affect children
Parental substance abuse affects children in many ways. The difficulty forming meaningful connections contributes to feelings of loneliness and emotional distress

Emotional regulation difficulties compound these challenges, as intense emotions stemming from their upbringing become difficult to process, impacting their ability to maintain stable emotional states.

Tragically, the risk of engaging in delinquent activities looms large. Without adequate support and positive role models, some children may seek solace in destructive behaviors. Additionally, they can resort to substance abuse or other risky activities as a means of escape.

The latter is especially true in households where prescription drugs, such as Xanax – a powerful benzodiazepine, are easily accessible. Texas is, again, one of the states that faces tremendous challenges when battling benzodiazepine addiction. Besides being within reach, children also perceive this drug as a powerful tool that makes coping with challenges easier. If you want to help yourself and your children, get the needed help at Xanax detox in Texas. The sooner you begin your recovery, the less damage there will be to repair.

Adolescence: Weathering the Tempest of Challenges

As adolescence (13-18 years) approaches, the profound impact of parental substance abuse on development intensifies. This period exposes young individuals to a myriad of challenges that threaten to shape their journey ahead. Here are some of the developmental consequences of parental substance abuse during adolescence:

  1. Substance abuse and addiction vulnerability: The tempestuous waters of adolescence render these young individuals more susceptible to turning to drugs or alcohol as a coping mechanism. This certainly perpetuates the cycle of addiction that stems from their family struggles. If this is the case, seek help at an alcohol detox center in Texas. Alcohol is the most frequently abused substance among teens in Texas, with more than half of 7th-12th graders drinking alcohol at one point.
  2. Mental health disorders and self-harm tendencies: The weight of past traumas and unstable family environments bears heavily on their emotional well-being. You can always turn to inpatient dual diagnosis treatment centers in Texas for help.
  3. Increased risk of sexual activity and early pregnancies: Distorted family dynamics and lack of guidance contribute to risky behaviors. In brief, it leaves these vulnerable adolescents exposed to unintended consequences in their relationships and reproductive health.
  4. Academic decline and school dropout rates: The challenges faced at home spill into children’s educational journey, impairing their ability to focus on studies and engage in school-related activities, leading to a decline in academic performance and an increased risk of dropping out.

To navigate the stormy seas of adolescence amidst parental substance abuse, comprehensive support systems, early intervention, and access to mental health resources are essential. Additionally, providing a stable and nurturing environment can equip these young individuals with the tools they need to sail through the challenges, emerging stronger and more resilient on the other side.

Ways to Protect Children from the Effects of Parental Substance Abuse

There are several ways to protect children from the harms of their parent’s substance abuse. Some of the most notable ones are:

  1. Establishing a relationship with another caregiver
  2. Ensuring mental health services
  3. Presenting positive role models
  4. Establishing support networks

Supportive Relationships with Non-Substance-Abusing Caregivers

Supportive relationships with non-substance-abusing caregivers stand as a beacon of stability for these vulnerable children. Whether through extended family members, foster parents, or dedicated guardians, the presence of caring individuals who prioritize the child’s well-being can foster a sense of security and emotional connection that helps mitigate the impact of parental struggles.

A woman holding a man's hand representing how parental substance abuse affects children
Supportive relationships offer the much-needed love, guidance, and consistency that serve as a counterbalance to the chaos within their households

As a reassuring presence in times of distress, they create an environment where children can express their emotions freely. Secondly, they can find solace in moments of vulnerability. These relationships become pivotal in nurturing resilience.

Access to Mental Health Services and Counseling

In the face of emotional upheaval caused by parental substance abuse, access to mental health services and counseling can offer a lifeline to recovery and healing. Professional support allows these children to process their emotions, cope with trauma, and build emotional resilience. Additionally, it enables them to navigate the challenges of their upbringing with greater strength and understanding.

In households where parents are struggling with opioid addiction, children are exposed to all sorts of negative experiences. Trained counselors and mental health experts at the opioid detox center Texas offers play a critical role in helping them heal. Through individual and family therapy, they offer guidance and counseling that will help children overcome traumatic experiences. They also work with the parents, helping them recover from substance abuse. They work hard to empower families to break free from the cycle of generational trauma and envision a future filled with possibilities.

Positive Role Models and Mentors

Positive role models and mentors emerge as guiding lights in the lives of children grappling with the consequences of parental substance abuse. Whether through community mentors, teachers, or counselors, these individuals offer inspiration, encouragement, and valuable life skills. Role models exemplify resilience, determination, and perseverance. Through their support and guidance, children can develop a strong sense of self-esteem and belief in their capabilities. They can also break free from the limiting beliefs imposed by their family circumstances. These positive influences become instrumental in nurturing a mindset of possibilities and fostering dreams that transcend the shadows of their upbringing.

Strong Social Support Networks

Strong social support networks play a pivotal role in buffering the impact of parental substance abuse. Whether through friends, support groups, or community organizations, these networks weave a safety net of caring connections. For example, this exact approach is extremely important for veterans dealing with similar issues in Texas. A strong social support system present during PTSD treatment for veterans in Texas provides emotional validation, practical assistance, and a sense of belonging. In the same way, they also help these children weather the storms and emerge with resilience and hope.

A group of people joining hands
Social support networks offer a space for young individuals to share their experiences without judgment, offering a sense of belonging

Community organizations and support groups offer resources and opportunities for skill-building. Thus, they enable children to develop social and coping skills that bolster their ability to navigate the challenges they encounter. Together, these networks become an anchor of unwavering support. They empower these children to navigate the waters of life’s challenges with strength and courage.

Comprehensive Intervention and Support for Children Affected by Parental Substance Abuse

In the pursuit of breaking the cycle of the devastating impact of parental substance abuse on children, a comprehensive range of intervention and support measures is imperative. They strive to lay the groundwork for a more promising future. Hence, here are some:

  • Early identification and intervention programs: Early intervention programs can unquestionably assess children’s developmental needs and identify potential risks. Additionally, these programs tailor interventions to address their unique circumstances, promoting positive outcomes.
  • Child protective services and family support programs: Child protective services play a vital role in ensuring the safety and well-being of children in high-risk environments.
  • Substance abuse treatment for parents: It is essential to address the root cause of the issue but also provide accessible and effective substance abuse treatment for parents.
  • Trauma-informed care for children: Recognizing the trauma experienced by these children, trauma-informed care emphasizes understanding and empathy. Implementing this approach in various settings, such as schools and healthcare facilities, ensures that these young individuals receive compassionate care.
  • Support groups and counseling for affected children: Support groups and counseling provide a safe space for children to share their experiences, connect with peers facing similar challenges, and process their emotions. Further, professional counseling helps them develop coping skills, empowering them to navigate the complexities of their lives with confidence.

Parental Substance Abuse Affects Children, but We Can Help

Parental substance abuse leaves a lasting impact on children, manifesting in emotional distress, behavioral challenges, physical hardships, and developmental setbacks. Despite the tumultuous journey they endure, hope shines through comprehensive interventions. Supportive relationships, mental health services, substance abuse treatment, trauma-informed care, and counseling offer vital support, aiding children’s resilience in the face of adversity.

At the same time, for Texas families plagued with drug or alcohol abuse, medical detox in Texas and beyond plays a critical role. Detoxing safely from harmful substances under constant medical supervision ensures a solid foundation for lasting recovery and a brighter future. Then, after understanding how parental substance abuse affects children, fostering healing and paving the way for a happier and healthier life becomes possible.

Medically Reviewed: August 5, 2023

Medical Reviewer

Chief Editor

medically-verified

All of the information on this page has been reviewed and verified by a certified addiction professional.

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